Debb+Adams

** 7th grade, ELA ** ** West Columbia, SC **
 * Debb Adams **

[|Musings from Adamsland]

**Lesson Title: **The Independent Reading Conundrum **Grade & Subject: **7th English/Language Arts **Unit: **Persuasive Writing **Related Lessons: **Drawing conclusions and making inferences; Using a standardized system of documentation;  **GOALS ** Brief Description of the Lesson Students in the group will assume the roles of English teachers. They are charged with solving the problem of creating an assessment plan for the class’ independent reading that takes into account needs of the learners and the standards and skills that are assessed for independent reading. It needs to be an assessment that will encourage reading while holding the students accountable for pushing themselves and striving to reach new levels of reading comprehension and fluency. South Carolina State ELA Standards: 7-2.1 Analyze **central ideas** within and across informational **texts**. 7-2.2 Analyze information within and across **texts** to draw conclusions and make **inferences**. 7-5.4 Create persuasive pieces (for example, letters to the editor or essays) that include a stated position with supporting evidence for a specific audience. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">7-6.3 Use a standardized system of documentation (including a list of sources with full publication information and the use of in-text citations) to properly credit the work of others. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">7-6.5 Use appropriate organizational strategies to prepare written works, oral and auditory presentations, and visual presentations.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">7-6.6 Select appropriate graphics, in print or electronic form, to support written works, oral presentations, and visual presentations.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NETS-S
 * C<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">reativity and innovation
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Communication and collaboration
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Digital citizenship
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Technology operations and concepts

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="background: silver; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">ACTION ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Before-Class Preparation **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: As part of the PBL unit, students will have to be aware of their own reading habits, assessment preferences, and processes for their own independent reading. I will have the students prepare, an **entrance ticket** to front load some of the ideas for the PBL unit.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Students must come in with their entrance tickets completed before I can explain the problem to them. <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">During Class **
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Time ** || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Instructional Activities **  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Resources **  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">5 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Whole group discussion of entrance slips || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Chart paper, markers, comp, LCD, SMART Board ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">5 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Group debrief of discussion || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Entrance tickets ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">10-15 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Explanation of Problem/Task, including an explanation of products to be produced, due date, and suggested time table *** see brief description of lesson** || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Problem packets ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">5-10 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Group preliminary planning, discussion of individual members contributing strengths, etc. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Planning sheets ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">10 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Podcast of independent reading assessment strategies tried, successes and concerns. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Comp, LCD, SMARTBoard, note sheet ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">5 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Questions ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">5-10 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Group discuss and organize thoughts from Podcast ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">5-10 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Reading assignments || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Reading packets ||
 * || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Day Two ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">15-20 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Discussion and consolidation of learning from reading || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Chart paper, markers, computers ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">5-10 mins || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Discussion of the next phase, solving the problem ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">30-45 mins || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Groups will decide what their assessment tool is going to be, will begin to develop their persuasive piece (a multi-media presentation of their opinion and why their assessment tool should be used), will create rough mock-ups and sketches of any handouts, forms, etc. that are to be distributed to the students. ||  ||
 * || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Days Three & Four ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Whole period (50 minutes after SSR) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Students will work in their groups collecting any more information they need (including student comments or conduction study survey to use in their presentation for evidence). They will also create the multimedia presentation, and create handouts. (Each students should have the responsibility for creating one portion of either the multi-media presentation or handouts.) Each group will meet with me each day to check in on progress, ask questions, trouble-shoot, etc. By the end of day four, students should have an outline of their presentation and have time to run it. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Computer lab ||
 * || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Day Five ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">10-15 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Groups will have time to pull together any last loose ends to prepare for the presentation. ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">5-10 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Whole class expectations of behavior and individual responsibility for during the presentation ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">20-45 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Presentations of solutions ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">10-15 mins. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Debriefing the presentations/the process ||  ||

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="background: silver; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">MONITOR ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Formative Assessments **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: Groups will participate in daily conferences with teacher. Groups will complete planning sheets, and will complete daily reflection on work done, ideas, etc. outside of class.

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Differentiation: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> I will have different readings to gather information of varying levels. Students will have the opportunity to meet with me in small groups during our 8th period time for extra help. Students who are more adept with technology will be paired with students who really struggle, with extra expectations to help teach the “lower” students the basics. Students who excel in technology applications will serve as techies for the class to help me help the groups, with the understanding that no one will help so much so that they cannot work with their own groups. I will also reserve the computer lab to help those that need it, and to allow the students who are creating more involved multi-media presentations more time to work.

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Back-up for missing students: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">If a student is absent or in in-school suspension, group members will decide on a task for the student to perform at home or in ISS, so that the group does not get behind and so the person contributes. If a student is missing for a significant period of time, I will alter the assignment to include solving a problem and using some form of technology to persuade me (or the class) to use their assignment. The basic standards will still be met, but the collaborative element would be missing. (I have 3 students who have horrible attendance for one reason or another. Their groups should not have to worry of the unknown by relying on them. If, however those students have an attendance streak, there will be no alteration necessary.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="background: silver; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">EVALUATION ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Summative Assessment: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> The summative assessment will consist of three parts: the persuasive multi-media presentation, a defense of participation in the group, a written reflection of how the assessment tool meets their own needs, and how it will fit in or alter their process. Each portion will be scored with a rubric.

==

== ==<span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">Collaborative Component of the Unit Plan ==

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lesson Title: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Independent Reading Conundrum/Online Community Collaboration Component **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Grade & Subject: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">7th English/Language Arts **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Unit: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Persuasive Writing **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Related Lessons: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Drawing conclusions and making inferences; Using a standardized system of documentation; <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="background: silver; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">GOALS ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Brief Description of the Lesson <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Students in the group will assume the roles of English teachers. They are charged with solving the problem of creating an assessment plan for the class’ independent reading that takes into account needs of the learners and the standards and skills that are assessed for independent reading. It needs to be an assessment that will encourage reading while holding the students accountable for pushing themselves and striving to reach new levels of reading comprehension and fluency. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">South Carolina State ELA Standards: <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7-2.1 Analyze **central ideas** within and across informational **texts**. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7-2.2 Analyze information within and across **texts** to draw conclusions and make **inferences**. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7-5.4 Create persuasive pieces (for example, letters to the editor or essays) that include a stated position with supporting evidence for a specific audience. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; text-indent: -45pt;">7-6.3 Use a standardized system of documentation (including a list of sources with full publication information and the use of in-text citations) to properly credit the work of others. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7-6.5 Use appropriate organizational strategies to prepare written works, oral and auditory presentations, and visual presentations. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; text-indent: -45pt;">7-6.6 Select appropriate graphics, in print or electronic form, to support written works, oral presentations, and visual presentations.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">NETS-S


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Creativity and innovation
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Communication and collaboration
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Digital citizenship
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Technology operations and concepts

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="background: silver; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">ACTION ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Before-Class Preparation **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: Students will already have an account set up on Adamsland Ning. They most likely will have had experience posting a blog entry and responding to classmates. In addition, they will have completed a tour of the ning to see what all is available on the ning. <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">During Class **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">As students begin to make decisions, they will choose a name for their group and set up a group on Adamsland Ning. (If they do not have capability to do so, I will set it up for them.) This will give them a place to communicate about the problem/solution/resources. ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">What they will use Adamsland Ning for is to post polls for other students to complete. Also, they will check in each day with their group. In addition, they can upload drafts of their assessment tool and persuasive piece so that they can work on it and edit it as a group. The only downside of this is they cannot work on it at the same time. However, with the chat feature the students can not only see who is online at the time, but also can communicate real-time to make sure they are not working on the document at the same time. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Computer lab ||
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Time ** || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Instructional Activities **  || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Resources **  ||
 * || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">This picks up on Day Two of PBL Lesson ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">30-45 mins || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Groups will decide what their assessment tool is going to be, will begin to develop their persuasive piece (a multi-media presentation of their opinion and why their assessment tool should be used), will create rough mock-ups and sketches of any handouts, forms, etc. that are to be distributed to the students. (from PBL lesson)
 * || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">Days Three & Four ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Whole period (50 minutes after SSR) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Although this for Days Three and Four in the PBL Unit, they will not be consecutive days, students will work on parts of the PBL unit on their own.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="background: silver; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">MONITOR ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Formative Assessments **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: I will be able to easily follow student progress and participation by following the feed that is delivered to my Google Reader. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Differentiation: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> For students that do not have the required technology at home, I will have computers reserved in the media center before and after school. I will have the computer lab available for the 45 minute enrichment time. Students who need more support in writing may use Word to type their entry during the enrichment time and have me or a peer look over it before posting for everyone to see. For the students that need more support staying organized, there will be a check sheet for everything required, including the daily check-ins with the group. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Back-up: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">If a student does not have permission to use the Adamsland Ning, they have the opportunity to use the ANGEL network. Students will be able to communicate with me and their group members via internal email. This will not be as easy as keeping everything in one place, but it will work.

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"> **<span style="background: silver; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 14pt;">EVALUATION ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Summative Assessment: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> When the students meet with me to defend their participation in the PBL Unit, they will use what they posted on the Ning as part of their defense.